SOD together with catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GSR) are engaged in the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Zinc along with copper, iron, manganese, and nickel are the main metal cofactors forming three major families of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which belongs among the most abundant antioxidant enzymes in mammalian seminal plasma. present zinc ion (Zn 2+) as a crucial factor in reproduction, being involved in capacitation. Even metals in specific trace amounts contribute to essential physiological and biochemical processes. Some trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, etc., avoid the general bias about the necessarily negative effect of heavy metals. Contrary, a low level of magnesium is associated with premature ejaculation. Magnesium, more concentrated than in the blood plasma, ensures the activity of seminal enzymes. Moreover, the positive effect of calcium on the sperm motility was reported by Halo et al. Calcium and phosphorus maintain the functional integrity of the spermatozoa. Micro and macro elements in SP directly contribute to the sperm quality. Our data suggest that seminal plasma has a potential due to its availability to become the potential biomarker of the reproductive health of farm animals. While Cu negatively correlated with sperm motion parameters, the adverse effect on viability was suggested for Cd. Contrary, positive correlation was detected between FRAP and motility features. Based on the obtained concentrations of individual chemical elements, the correlation analysis suggested a negative impact of Cu in seminal plasma on the SOD, GPx, and LPO. Separated seminal plasma underwent the assessment of the chemical and biochemical composition and RedOx markers. The fresh semen was analyzed to evaluate qualitative parameters of spermatozoa in terms of the motility, viability, and integrity of DNA. Ejaculates were obtained from 19 stallions. The deficiency of antioxidants in the seminal plasma that could scavenge free radicals causes an impairment of spermatozoa quality. However, elevated levels against the normal physiological values, especially in the case of trace metals, result in the production of reactive oxygen species. Micro and macro elements along with seminal enzymes, hormones, proteins, and lipids contained in seminal plasma are essential for the proper physiological function of spermatozoa. The composition of seminal plasma of individual sires varies and so does the fertilizing ability.
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